Milk fat globule membrane supplementation protects against <i>β</i>-lactoglobulininduced food allergy in mice via upregulation of regulatory T cells and enhancement of intestinal barrier in a microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids manner

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which contains abundant glycoproteins and phospholipids, exerts beneficial effects on intestinal health immunomodulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective possible underlying mechanisms MFGM cow's milk allergy (CMA) in a β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-induced allergic mice model. supplemented induced by BLG at dose 400 mg/kg body weight. Results demonstrated that alleviated food symptoms, decreased serum levels lipopolysaccharide, pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgG1, Th2 cytokines including interleukin (IL) -4, while increased Th1 interferon-γ regulatory T cells (Tregs) IL-10 transforming growth factor-β. modulated gut microbiota enhanced barrier BLG-allergic mice, as evidenced relative abundance Desulfobacterota, Rikenellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillaceae Muribaculaceae, expressions tight junction proteins Occludin, Claudin-1 zonula occludens-1. Furthermore, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, elevated G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 43 GPR109A expressions. GPR43 CD103+ dendritic accumulation promoted Tregs differentiation mesenteric lymph node certain extent. In summary, CMA BLG-induced model through enhancing promoting differentiation, may be correlated with SCFAs-mediated activation GPRs. These findings suggest useful promising functional ingredient against CMA.